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Quagga Case 4 - BGP
Last Change : Dec 07 2010

---

Tool
Install
Ergonomy
Forum


Details What is Quagga?
Prerequisites & Installation
How to use Quagga
Routers functionnalities comparison
Case Study 1 - Static routes
Case Study 2 - OSPF simple
Case Study 3 - OSPF advanced
Case Study 4 - BGP

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1. CASE PRINCIPLE

2. PICTURE

3. CONFIGURATIONS

4. SHOW COMMANDS

5. FAILOVER

See a similar scenario with the Vyatta router.

---

1. CASE PRINCIPLE

Some words about BGP.

This tutorial is dedicated to the BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) dynamic routing protocol, for which the fourth and last version of BGP has been released in 1994.

BGP is mainly used by Service providers to perform the routing inside the Internet or to provide connectivity between the remote sites of a company with technologies like MPLS.

BGP is not scalable for a small to medium environment (up to 100 routers) because of its slow convergence time compared to the RIP or OSFP routing protocol. At the same time it can be very complex to configure and needs powerful (and very expensive) hardware to be run comfortably.
This is why BGP should normally only be used by service providers or companies with a very large number of routers.

To give an example, in July 2007 more than 200'000 BGP entries were found on an internet router and are growing each day. Because of this high number of routes, the variation of the routing table will require a lot of resources and, as a consequence, the hardware must be very powerful.
Cisco Systems (with its 12000 series routers) and Juniper share this lucrative market.
For private networks, it is also possible to use BGP on "smaller" routers like the Cisco 7200 or 3800 series routers. Of course, Quagga supported by a good appliance can be comfortable in these environments too.

Two major BGP strong points are:

-   -

Use of TCP. BGP communicates with the other BGP routers (called peers) through TCP which is the most reliable protocol. The notion of Autonomous System (AS). It is a group of IP networks under common administration and common routing policies. It is composed of a variable number of BGP routers.

We will give in the tables below some key points to compare BGP with two other well known routing protocols, OSPF and RIP, as well as some explanations about the BGP best path selection.

Browse the web or buy a good book to find more details about this complex routing protocol.

Routing protocols comparison:

	RIP	OSPF	BGP
Version:	v2	v2	v4
RFC:	2453	2328	1771
Date:	1998	1998	1994
IGP - EGP: (1)	IGP	IGP	EGP
Type:	Distance vector	Link state	Path vector
Algorithm:	Bellman-Ford	Dijkstra	Best Path Selection
Convergence: (2)	Medium	Fast	Slow
Administrative distance:	120	110	20
OSI level / port:	UDP / 520	IP / 89	TCP / 179
Configuration complexity:	Easy	Medium	Hard to very hard
Routing granularity:	Router	Router	Autonomous System (3)
Scalable for:	< 100 routers	< 100 routers	> 100 routers
Resource consumption:	Low	Low to Medium	High

(1)     (2)   (3)

IGP stands for Interior Gateway Protocols, EGP for Exterior Gateway Protocols. EGPs are used between independent administrative entities, often called autonomous systems and IGPs are used inside them. Convergence time: time needed for the routers to update their routing table after a change in the network topology. When several paths are available for a specific network, BGP choose the route crossing the smallest number of autonomous systems.

BGP path selection process:

The BGP path selection process is used if there are several routes available for a network. You can see it with the "show ip bgp" command. This command must not be confounded with the "show ip route" command where only the best routes are displayed on the screen.

To get full details, you can read the Cisco webpage about the BGP path selection process.
Click on an attribute name to get an example.

	ATTRIBUTE NAME	PREFERENCE	VALUE TRANSMISSION	DESCRIPTION
1.	Weight (a)	Highest	Local to router	Cisco & Quagga specific
2.	Local Preference	Highest	Global within AS	How to exit the AS if multiple paths
3.	Path	Shortest
4.	Origin Code	Lowest		IGP or "i" < EGP or "e" < Incomplete or "?" (b)
5.	MED (Metric)	Lowest	Transmitted to the neighbors AS only

(a) (b)

By default, a directly connected route takes a weight of 32768. An origin code of incomplete is due to route redistribution into BGP.

Case study principle

Here are the functionalities we will test in our BGP scenario:

-       -     -          -       -       -

EBGP (external BGP): BGP between the autonomous systems. EBGP is running between Cisco 3750 L3 and Cisco 2651 A, Cisco 2651 A and Quagga B, Quagga B and Cisco 2651 C, Cisco 2651 and Quagga A. IBGP (Internal BGP): BGP inside an AS. IBGP is running between Cisco 3750 L3 and Quagga A. BGP to OSPF redistribution: On Cisco 3750 L3: BGP routes are injected into OSPF with a metric of 1000 and tagged as OE1. On Quagga A: BGP routes are injected into OSPF with a metric of 2000 and tagged as OE2 (default). OSPF to BGP redistribution: On Cisco 3750 L3 and Quagga A, the OSPF networks are injected into BGP with the default values. Local Preference: Cisco 3750 L3 is the preferred router to exit AS 65001 Customized local preferences are applied through route maps to the BGP incoming routes on Cisco 3750 L3 (333) and Quagga A (222). MED. Quagga B will prefer the path via AS 65003 rather than AS 65004 to reach AS 65001. Customized MEDs are applied through route maps to the outgoing BGP routes towards AS 65005 on Cisco 2651 B (55) and Cisco 2651 C (99).

---

2. PICTURE

Functionalities tested: (click on the web links to have more details about a protocol) Interface settings OSPF - backbone area BGP Redistr. - BGP to OSPF Redistr. - OSPF to BGP Telnet access

Top of the page

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3. CONFIGURATIONS

You must set your Linux system correctly to launch Quagga successfully. See the Quagga tutorial for help about this.

LINUX CONFIGURATIONS

Check that the zebra, ospfd and bgpd daemons are activated on Quagga A:

#vim /etc/quagga/daemons

zebra=yes
bgpd=yes
ospfd=yes
ospf6d=no
ripd=no
ripngd=no
isisd=no

Check that the zebra and bgpd daemons are activated on Quagga B:

#vim /etc/quagga/daemons

zebra=yes
bgpd=yes
ospfd=no
ospf6d=no
ripd=no
ripngd=no
isisd=no

If you changed your daemons files, restart the quagga service:

#vim /etc/init.d/quagga restart

Set the Quagga A hostname in the /etc/quagga/vtysh.conf file:

#vim /etc/quagga/vtysh.conf

!
! Sample
!
! service integrated-vtysh-config
hostname Quagga_A
username root nopassword
!

Set the Quagga B hostname in the /etc/quagga/vtysh.conf file:

#vim /etc/quagga/vtysh.conf

!
! Sample
!
! service integrated-vtysh-config
hostname Quagga_B
username root nopassword
!

Don't forget to activate the ip forwarding on the Quagga A and Quagga B routers!

ROUTERS CONFIGURATIONS

ROUTER 2651 A IOS: 12.2-23a See the entire configuration
interface FastEthernet0/1   ip address 10.0.2.99 255.255.255.0   no shutdown
interface FastEthernet0/0   ip address 10.0.1.99 255.255.255.0   no shutdown
interface Loopback 1   ip address 50.0.1.99 255.255.255.255
Cisco_2651_A
router ospf 1   network 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0   network 10.0.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0   network 50.0.1.99 0.0.0.0 area 0
line vty 0 4   no login
enable secret password
SWITCH L3 3750 IOS: 12.2-25.SEE2 See the entire configuration	QUAGGA A 0.99.6 See the entire configuration
interface vlan 1   ip address 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.0   no shutdown interface FastEthernet1/0/1   switchport access vlan 1	interface eth0   ip address 10.0.2.2/24   link-detect
interface vlan 2   ip address 100.0.1.1 255.255.255.0   no shutdown interface FastEthernet1/0/2   switchport access vlan 2	interface eth1   ip address 100.0.2.2/24   link-detect
interface Loopback 1   ip address 50.0.1.1 255.255.255.255	interface lo   ip address 50.0.1.2/32   link-detect
hostname Cisco_3750_L3
router ospf 1   redistribute connected metric 1000   metric-type 1 subnets   redistribute bgp 65001 metric 1000   metric-type 1 subnets   network 10.0.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0	router ospf   redistribute connected metric 2000     redistribute bgp metric 2000     network 10.0.2.0/24 area 0.0.0.0
router bgp 65001   no synchronization   bgp router-id 50.0.1.1   network 50.0.1.1 mask 255.255.255.255   redistribute connected   redistribute ospf 1   neighbor 10.0.2.2 remote-as 65001   neighbor 100.0.1.3 remote-as 65003   neighbor 100.0.1.3 route-map r2 in   no auto-summary	bgp config-type cisco router bgp 65001   no synchronization   bgp router-id 50.0.1.2   network 50.0.1.2 mask 255.255.255.255   redistribute connected   redistribute ospf   neighbor 10.0.1.1 remote-as 65001   neighbor 100.0.2.4 remote-as 65004   neighbor 100.0.2.4 route-map r2 in   no auto-summary
route-map r2 permit 10   set local-preference 333	route-map r2 permit 10   set local-preference 222
line vty 0 4   no login	line vty   no login
enable secret password	enable password password
ip routing ip multicast-routing distributed
ROUTER 2651 B IOS: 12.2-23a See the entire configuration	QUAGGA B 0.99.6 See the entire configuration
interface FastEthernet0/0   ip address 100.0.1.3 255.255.255.0   no shutdown	interface eth0   ip address 200.0.1.5/24   link-detect
interface FastEthernet0/1   ip address 200.0.1.3 255.255.255.0   no shutdown	interface eth1   ip address 200.0.2.5/24   link-detect
interface Loopback 1   ip address 50.0.1.3 255.255.255.255	interface lo   ip address 50.0.1.5/32   link-detect
hostname Cisco_2651_B
router bgp 65003   bgp router-id 50.0.1.3   network 50.0.1.3 mask 255.255.255.255   redistribute connected   neighbor 100.0.1.1 remote-as 65001   neighbor 200.0.1.5 remote-as 65005   neighbor 200.0.1.5 route-map r3 out   no auto-summary	router bgp 65005   bgp router-id 50.0.1.5   network 50.0.1.5 mask 255.255.255.255   redistribute connected   neighbor 200.0.1.3 remote-as 65003   neighbor 200.0.2.4 remote-as 65004     no auto-summary
route-map r3 permit 10   set metric 55
line vty 0 4   no login	line vty   no login
enable secret password	enable password password
ROUTER 2651 C IOS: 12.2-23a See the entire configuration
interface FastEthernet0/0   ip address 100.0.2.4 255.255.255.0   no shutdown
interface FastEthernet0/1   ip address 200.0.2.4 255.255.255.0   no shutdown
interface Loopback 1   ip address 50.0.1.4 255.255.255.255
router bgp 65004   bgp router-id 50.0.1.4   network 50.0.1.4 mask 255.255.255.255   redistribute connected   neighbor 100.0.2.2 remote-as 65001   neighbor 200.0.2.5 remote-as 65005   neighbor 200.0.2.5 route-map r99 out   no auto-summary
hostname Cisco_2651_C
route-map r99 permit 10   set metric 99
line vty 0 4   no login
enable secret password

Top of the page

---

4. SHOW COMMANDS

CISCO 2651 A

CISCO 3750 L3

QUAGGA A

CISCO 2651 B

QUAGGA B

CISCO 2651 C

CISCO 2651 A

Cisco_2651_A#show ip int brief

Interface	IP-Address	OK?	Method	Status	Protocol
FastEthernet0/0	10.0.1.99	YES	NVRAM	up	up
FastEthernet0/1	10.0.2.99	YES	NVRAM	up	up
Loopback1	50.0.1.99	YES	NVRAM	up	up

Cisco_2651_A#show ip route

Codes:			C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
			D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
			N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
			E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
			i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
			ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
			o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
		50.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 6 subnets
O	E1		50.0.1.3 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, 00:37:09, FastEthernet0/0
O	E2		50.0.1.2 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, 00:37:15, FastEthernet0/1
O	E1		50.0.1.1 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, 00:37:15, FastEthernet0/0
O	E1		50.0.1.5 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, 00:36:22, FastEthernet0/0
O	E1		50.0.1.4 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, 00:35:56, FastEthernet0/0
C			50.0.1.99 is directly connected, Loopback1
		100.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
O	E1		100.0.1.0 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, 00:37:15, FastEthernet0/0
O	E2		100.0.2.0 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, 00:12:48, FastEthernet0/1
O	E1	200.0.1.0/24 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, 00:37:09, FastEthernet0/0
O	E1	200.0.2.0/24 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, 00:36:22, FastEthernet0/0
		10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C			10.0.2.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
C			10.0.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0

Cisco_2651_A#show ip ospf database

	OSPF Router with ID (50.0.1.99) (Process ID 1)
		Router Link States (Area 0)
Link ID		ADV Router	Age	Seq#	Checksum	Link count
50.0.1.1		50.0.1.1	357	0x80000004	0x003417	1
50.0.1.2		50.0.1.2	555	0x80000004	0x00CC90	1
50.0.1.99		50.0.1.99	404	0x80000005	0x00236B	3
		Net Link States (Area 0)
Link ID		ADV Router	Age	Seq#	Checksum
10.0.1.99		50.0.1.99	404	0x80000002	0x009CCC
10.0.2.99		50.0.1.99	404	0x80000002	0x009FC7
		Type-5 AS External Link States
Link ID		ADV Router	Age	Seq#	Checksum	Tag
50.0.1.1		50.0.1.1	357	0x80000002	0x005B84	0
50.0.1.2		50.0.1.2	502	0x80000003	0x00C3CA	0
50.0.1.3		50.0.1.1	357	0x80000002	0x00BB38	65003
50.0.1.4		50.0.1.1	357	0x80000002	0x00B141	65003
50.0.1.5		50.0.1.1	357	0x80000002	0x00A74A	65003
100.0.1.0		50.0.1.1	357	0x80000002	0x00D8D5	0
100.0.2.0		50.0.1.2	834	0x80000001	0x00441B	0
200.0.1.0		50.0.1.1	357	0x80000002	0x00342C	65003
200.0.2.0		50.0.1.1	357	0x80000002	0x002936	65003

CISCO 3750 L3

Cisco_3750_L3#show ip int brief

Interface	IP-Address	OK?	Method	Status	Protocol
Vlan1	10.0.1.1	YES	NVRAM	up	up
Vlan2	100.0.1.1	YES	NVRAM	up	up
FastEthernet1/0/1	unassigned	YES	NVRAM	up	up
FastEthernet1/0/2	unassigned	YES	NVRAM	up	up
...	...	...	...	...	...
Loopback1	50.0.1.1	YES	NVRAM	up	up

Cisco_3750_L3#show ip route

Codes:			C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
			D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
			N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
			E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
			i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
			ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
			o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
		50.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 6 subnets
B			50.0.1.3 [20/0] via 100.0.1.3, 00:41:15
O	E2		50.0.1.2 [110/2000] via 10.0.1.99, 00:41:20, Vlan1
C			50.0.1.1 is directly connected, Loopback1
B			50.0.1.5 [20/0] via 100.0.1.3, 00:40:27
B			50.0.1.4 [20/0] via 100.0.1.3, 00:40:01
O			50.0.1.99 [110/2] via 10.0.1.99, 00:41:20, Vlan1
		100.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C			100.0.1.0 is directly connected, Vlan2
O	E2		100.0.2.0 [110/2000] via 10.0.1.99, 00:16:53, Vlan1
B		200.0.1.0/24 [20/0] via 100.0.1.3, 00:41:15
B		200.0.2.0/24 [20/0] via 100.0.1.3, 00:40:27
		10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
O			10.0.2.0 [110/2] via 10.0.1.99, 00:41:20, Vlan1
C			10.0.1.0 is directly connected, Vlan1

Cisco_3750_L3#show ip ospf database

	OSPF Router with ID (50.0.1.1) (Process ID 1)
		Router Link States (Area 0)
Link ID		ADV Router	Age	Seq#	Checksum	Link count
50.0.1.1		50.0.1.1	631	0x80000004	0x003417	1
50.0.1.2		50.0.1.2	832	0x80000004	0x00CC90	1
50.0.1.99		50.0.1.99	680	0x80000005	0x00236B	3
		Net Link States (Area 0)
Link ID		ADV Router	Age	Seq#	Checksum
10.0.1.99		50.0.1.99	680	0x80000002	0x009CCC
10.0.2.99		50.0.1.99	680	0x80000002	0x009FC7
		Type-5 AS External Link States
Link ID		ADV Router	Age	Seq#	Checksum	Tag
50.0.1.1		50.0.1.1	631	0x80000002	0x005B84	0
50.0.1.2		50.0.1.2	779	0x80000003	0x00C3CA	0
50.0.1.3		50.0.1.1	631	0x80000002	0x00BB38	65003
50.0.1.4		50.0.1.1	631	0x80000002	0x00B141	65003
50.0.1.5		50.0.1.1	631	0x80000002	0x00A74A	65003
100.0.1.0		50.0.1.1	631	0x80000002	0x00D8D5	0
100.0.2.0		50.0.1.2	1111	0x80000001	0x00441B	0
200.0.1.0		50.0.1.1	632	0x80000002	0x00342C	65003
200.0.2.0		50.0.1.1	632	0x80000002	0x002936	65003

Cisco_3750_L3#show ip bgp summary

BGP router identifier 50.0.1.1, local AS number 65001
BGP table version is 16, main routing table version 16
13 network entries using 1469 bytes of memory
24 path entries using 1248 bytes of memory
18/10 BGP path/bestpath attribute entries using 1944 bytes of memory
3 BGP AS-PATH entries using 72 bytes of memory
0 BGP route-map cache entries using 0 bytes of memory
0 BGP filter-list cache entries using 0 bytes of memory
BGP using 4733 total bytes of memory
BGP activity 13/0 prefixes, 24/0 paths, scan interval 60 secs
Neighbor	V	AS	MsgRcvd	MsgSent	TblVer	InQ	OutQ	Up/Down	State/PfxRcd
10.0.2.2	4	65001	58	64	16	0	0	00:44:16	13
100.0.1.3	4	65003	54	53	16	0	0	00:45:14	6

Cisco_3750_L3#show ip bgp

BGP table version is 16, local router ID is 50.0.1.1
Status codes:			s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
			r RIB-failure, S Stale
Origin codes:			i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
		Network		Next Hop	Metric	LocPrf	Weight	Path
*	i	10.0.1.0/24		10.0.2.99	11	100	0	?
*>				0.0.0.0	0		32768	?
*	i	10.0.2.0/24		10.0.2.2	1	100	0	?
*>				10.0.1.99	2		32768	?
*	i	50.0.1.1/32		10.0.2.99	1011	100	0	?
*>				0.0.0.0	0		32768	i
r>	i	50.0.1.2/32		10.0.2.2	0	100	0	i
*	i	i50.0.1.3/32		10.0.2.99	1011	100	0	?
*>				100.0.1.3	0	333	0	65003 i
*	i	50.0.1.4/32		10.0.2.99	1011	100	0	?
*>				100.0.1.3		333	0	65003 65005 65004 i
*	i	50.0.1.5/32		10.0.2.99	1011	100	0	?
*>				100.0.1.3		333	0	65003 65005 i
*	i	50.0.1.99/32		10.0.2.99	11	100	0	?
*>				10.0.1.99	2		32768	?
*	i	100.0.1.0/24		10.0.2.99	1011	100	0	?
*				100.0.1.3	0	333	0	65003 ?
*>				0.0.0.0	0		32768	?
r>	i	100.0.2.0/24		10.0.2.2	1	100	0	?
*	i	200.0.1.0		10.0.2.99	1011	100	0	?
*>				100.0.1.3	0	333	0	65003 ?
*	i	200.0.2.0		10.0.2.99	1011	100	0	?
*>				100.0.1.3		333	0	65003 65005 ?

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QUAGGA A

Quagga_A#show interface description

Interface	Status	Protocol	Description
eth0	up	up
eth1	up	up
lo	up	up

Quagga_A#show ip route

Codes:		K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, O - OSPF,
		I - ISIS, B - BGP, > - selected route, * - FIB route
O>*		10.0.1.0/24 [110/11] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:11:01
O		10.0.2.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0, 01:11:48
C>*		10.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, eth0
O>*		50.0.1.1/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:10:16
C>*		50.0.1.2/32 is directly connected, lo
O>*		50.0.1.3/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:10:02
O>*		50.0.1.4/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:08:48
O>*		50.0.1.5/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:09:14
O>*		50.0.1.99/32 [110/11] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:11:01
O>*		100.0.1.0/24 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:10:16
C>*		100.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, eth1
C>*		127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo
O>*		200.0.1.0/24 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:10:02
O>*		200.0.2.0/24 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0, 01:09:14

Quagga_A (Linux level)#route -n

Destination	Gateway	Genmask	Flags	Metric	Ref	Use	Iface
50.0.1.1	10.0.2.99	255.255.255.255	UGH	1011	0	0	eth0
50.0.1.99	10.0.2.99	255.255.255.255	UGH	11	0	0	eth0
50.0.1.3	10.0.2.99	255.255.255.255	UGH	1011	0	0	eth0
50.0.1.5	10.0.2.99	255.255.255.255	UGH	1011	0	0	eth0
50.0.1.4	10.0.2.99	255.255.255.255	UGH	1011	0	0	eth0
10.0.1.0	10.0.2.99	255.255.255.0	UG	11	0	0	eth0
10.0.2.0	0.0.0.0	255.255.255.0	U	0	0	0	eth0
100.0.2.0	0.0.0.0	255.255.255.0	U	0	0	0	eth1
200.0.1.0	10.0.2.99	255.255.255.0	UG	1011	0	0	eth0
200.0.2.0	10.0.2.99	255.255.255.0	UG	1011	0	0	eth0
100.0.1.0	10.0.2.99	255.255.255.0	UG	1011	0	0	eth0

Quagga_A#show ip ospf database

	OSPF Router with ID (50.0.1.2)
		Router Link States (Area 0.0.0.0)
Link ID		ADV Router	Age	Seq#	CkSum	Link count
50.0.1.1		50.0.1.1	292	0x80000005	0x3218	1
50.0.1.2		50.0.1.2	693	0x80000005	0xca91	1
50.0.1.99		50.0.1.99	311	0x80000006	0x216c	3
		Net Link States (Area 0.0.0.0)
		ADV Router			CkSum
10.0.1.99		50.0.1.99		0x80000003	0x9acd
10.0.2.99		50.0.1.99		0x80000003	0x9dc8
		AS External Link States
Link ID		ADV Router	Age	Seq#	CkSum	Route
50.0.1.1		50.0.1.1	292	0x80000003	0x5985	E1 50.0.1.1/32 [0x0]
50.0.1.2		50.0.1.2	611	0x80000004	0xc1cb	50.0.1.2/32 [0x0]
50.0.1.3		50.0.1.1	292	0x80000003	0xb939	50.0.1.3/32 [0xfdeb]
50.0.1.4		50.0.1.1	292	0x80000003	0xaf42	50.0.1.4/32 [0xfdeb]
50.0.1.5		50.0.1.1	292	0x80000003	0xa54b	50.0.1.5/32 [0xfdeb]
100.0.1.0		50.0.1.1	292	0x80000003	0xd6d6	100.0.1.0/24 [0x0]
100.0.2.0		50.0.1.2	1431	0x80000002	0x421c	100.0.2.0/24 [0x0]
200.0.1.0		50.0.1.1	292	0x80000003	0x322d	200.0.1.0/24 [0xfdeb]
200.0.2.0		50.0.1.1	292	0x80000003	0x2737	200.0.2.0/24 [0xfdeb]

Quagga_A#show ip bgp summary

BGP router identifier 50.0.1.2, local AS number 65001
RIB entries 25, using 1600 bytes of memory
Peers 2, using 5024 bytes of memory
Neighbor	V	AS	MsgRcvd	MsgSent	TblVer	InQ	OutQ	Up/Down	State/PfxRcd
10.0.1.1	4	65001	89	85	0	0	0	01:11:27	10
100.0.2.4	4	65004	57	53	0	0	0	00:46:37	5
Total number of neighbors 2

Quagga_A#show ip bgp

BGP table version is 0, local router ID is 50.0.1.2
Status codes:			s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
			r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed
Origin codes:			i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
		Network		Next Hop	Metric	LocPrf	Weight	Path
*	i	10.0.1.0/24		10.0.1.1	0	100	0	?
*>				10.0.2.99	11		32768	?
*	i	10.0.2.0/24		10.0.1.99	2	100	0	?
*>				0.0.0.0	1		32768	?
*	i	50.0.1.1/32		10.0.1.1	0	100	0	i
*>				10.0.2.99	1011		32768	?
*		50.0.1.2/32		0.0.0.0	1		32768	?
*>				0.0.0.0	0		32768	i
*>		50.0.1.3/32		10.0.2.99	1011		32768	?
*	i			100.0.1.3	0	333	0	65003 i
*		50.0.1.4/32		100.0.2.4	0	222	0	65004 i
*>				10.0.2.99	1011		32768	?
*	i			100.0.1.3	0	333	0	65003 65005 65004 i
*		50.0.1.5/32		100.0.2.4		222	0	65004 65005 i
*	i			100.0.1.3	0	333	0	65003 65005 i
*>				10.0.2.99	1011		32768	?
*	i	50.0.1.99/32		10.0.1.99	2	100	0	?
*>				10.0.2.99	11		32768	?
*	i	100.0.1.0/24		10.0.1.1	0	100	0	?
*>				10.0.2.99	1011		32768	?
*		100.0.2.0/24		100.0.2.4	0	222	0	65004 ?
*>				0.0.0.0	1		32768	?
*		200.0.1.0		100.0.2.4		222	0	65004 65005 ?
*>				10.0.2.99	1011		32768	?
*	i			100.0.1.3	0	333	0	65003 ?
*		200.0.2.0		100.0.2.4	0	222	0	65004 ?
*>				10.0.2.99	1011		32768	?
*	i			100.0.1.3	0	333	0	65003 65005 ?

Let's look at the weight effect on the 50.1.0.3 network (see above):
There are two routes for 50.0.1.3; which one will be chosen?
The weights are different so the elected route (indicated with the ">" character) will have the highest weight (32768).

Let's look at the local preference effect on the 50.1.0.5 network (see above):
There are two routes for 50.0.1.5; which one will be chosen?
The weights are equals -> the local preferences are different so the route (indicated with the ">" character) with the highest local preference (333) will be chosen.

See details about the BGP path selection process.

Quagga_A#show route-map r2

OSPF:
route-map r2, permit, sequence 10
	Match clauses:
	Set clauses:
	Call clause:
	Action:
		Exit routemap
BGP:
route-map r2, permit, sequence 10
	Match clauses:
	Set clauses:
		local-preference 222
	Call clause:
	Action:
		Exit routemap

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CISCO 2651 B

Cisco_2651_B#show ip interface brief

Interface	IP-Address	OK?	Method	Status	Protocol
FastEthernet0/1	100.0.1.3	YES	NVRAM	up	up
FastEthernet0/1	200.0.1.3	YES	NVRAM	up	up
Loopback1	50.0.1.3	YES	NVRAM	up	up

Cisco_2651_B#show ip route

Codes:			C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
			D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
			N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
			E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
			i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
			ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
			o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
		50.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 6 subnets
C			50.0.1.3 is directly connected, Loopback1
B			50.0.1.2 [20/0] via 100.0.1.1, 00:46:33
B			50.0.1.1 [20/0] via 100.0.1.1, 00:47:02
B			50.0.1.5 [20/0] via 200.0.1.5, 00:46:30
B			50.0.1.4 [20/0] via 200.0.1.5, 00:46:00
B			50.0.1.99 [20/2] via 100.0.1.1, 00:47:02
		100.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
C			100.0.1.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
B			100.0.2.0 [20/0] via 100.0.1.1, 00:22:34
C		200.0.1.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
B		200.0.2.0/24 [20/1] via 200.0.1.5, 00:46:30
		10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
B			10.0.2.0 [20/2] via 100.0.1.1, 00:47:02
B			10.0.1.0 [20/0] via 100.0.1.1, 00:47:03

Cisco_2651_B#show ip bgp summary

BGP router identifier 50.0.1.3, local AS number 65003
BGP table version is 14, main routing table version 14
13 network entries using 1261 bytes of memory
16 path entries using 576 bytes of memory
11 BGP path attribute entries using 660 bytes of memory
3 BGP AS-PATH entries using 72 bytes of memory
0 BGP route-map cache entries using 0 bytes of memory
0 BGP filter-list cache entries using 0 bytes of memory
BGP using 2569 total bytes of memory
BGP activity 13/0 prefixes, 16/0 paths, scan interval 60 secs
Neighbor	V	AS	MsgRcvd	MsgSent	TblVer	InQ	OutQ	Up/Down	State/PfxRcd
100.0.1.1	4	65001	56	57	14	0	0	00:48:56	8
200.0.1.5	4	65005	57	58	14	0	0	00:47:26	5

Cisco_2651_B#show ip bgp

BGP table version is 16, local router ID is 50.0.1.3
Status codes:			s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
			r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed
Origin codes:			i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
		Network		Next Hop	Metric	LocPrf	Weight	Path
*>		10.0.1.0/24		100.0.1.1	0		0	65001 ?
*				200.0.1.5			0	65005 65004 65001 ?
*>		10.0.2.0/24		100.0.1.1	2		0	65001 ?
*				200.0.1.5			0	65005 65004 65001 ?
*>		50.0.1.1/32		100.0.1.1	0		0	65001 i
*>		50.0.1.2/32		100.0.1.1			0	65001 i
*				200.0.1.5			0	65005 65004 65001 i
*>		50.0.1.3/32		0.0.0.0	0		32768	i
*>		50.0.1.4/32		100.0.1.1			0	65001 65004 i
*				200.0.1.5			0	65005 65004 i
*>		50.0.1.5/32		200.0.1.5	0		0	65005 i
*>		50.0.1.99/32		100.0.1.1	2		0	65001 ?
*				200.0.1.5			0	65005 65004 65001 ?
*>		100.0.1.0/24		0.0.0.0	0		32768	?
*				100.0.1.1	0		0	65001 ?
*>		100.0.2.0/24		100.0.1.1			0	65001 ?
*				200.0.1.5			0	65005 65004 ?
*>		200.0.1.0		0.0.0.0	0		32768	?
*				200.0.1.5	1		0	65005 ?
*>		200.0.2.0		200.0.1.5	1		0	65005 ?

Let's look at the AS path effect on the 10.0.2.0 network (in red above):
There are two routes for 10.0.2.0; which one will be chosen?

The weights are equals (0) -> the local preferences are not set -> The path lengths are different. This means that the elected route (indicated with the ">" character) will have the shortest path (1).

See details about the BGP path selection process.

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QUAGGA B

Quagga_B#show interface description

Interface	Status	Protocol	Description
eth0	up	up
eth1	up	up
lo	up	up

Quagga_B#show ip route

Codes:		K - kernel route, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, O - OSPF,
		I - ISIS, B - BGP, > - selected route, * - FIB route
B>*		10.0.1.0/24 [20/55] via 200.0.1.3, eth0, 01:14:47
B>*		10.0.2.0/24 [20/55] via 200.0.1.3, eth0, 01:14:47
B>*		50.0.1.1/32 [20/55] via 200.0.1.3, eth0, 01:14:47
B>*		50.0.1.2/32 [20/55] via 200.0.1.3, eth0, 01:14:47
B>*		50.0.1.3/32 [20/55] via 200.0.1.3, eth0, 01:14:47
B>*		50.0.1.4/32 [20/99] via 200.0.2.4, eth1, 01:14:45
C>*		50.0.1.5/32 is directly connected, lo
B>*		50.0.1.99/32 [20/55] via 200.0.1.3, eth0, 01:14:47
B>*		100.0.1.0/24 [20/55] via 200.0.1.3, eth0, 01:14:47
B>*		100.0.2.0/24 [20/99] via 200.0.2.4, eth1, 00:50:45
C>*		127.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, lo
C>*		200.0.1.0/24 is directly connected, eth0
C>*		200.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, eth1

Quagga_B#show ip bgp summary

BGP router identifier 50.0.1.5, local AS number 65005
RIB entries 25, using 1600 bytes of memory
Peers 2, using 5024 bytes of memory
Neighbor	V	AS	MsgRcvd	MsgSent	TblVer	InQ	OutQ	Up/Down	State/PfxRcd
200.0.1.3	4	65003	85	85	0	0	0	01:16:00	10
200.0.2.4	4	65004	84	90	0	0	0	01:15:59	11
Total number of neighbors 2

Quagga_B#show ip bgp

BGP table version is 0, local router ID is 50.0.1.5
Status codes:			s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
			r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed
Origin codes:			i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
		Network		Next Hop	Metric	LocPrf	Weight	Path
*		10.0.1.0/24		200.0.2.4	99		0	65004 65001 ?
*>				200.0.1.3	55		0	65003 65001 ?
*		10.0.2.0/24		200.0.2.4	99		0	65004 65001 ?
*>				200.0.1.3	55		0	65003 65001 ?
*		50.0.1.1/32		200.0.2.4	99		0	65004 65001 ?
*>				200.0.1.3	55		0	65003 65001 i
*		50.0.1.2/32		200.0.2.4	99		0	65004 65001 i
*>				200.0.1.3	55		0	65003 65001 i
*		50.0.1.3/32		200.0.2.4	99		0	65004 65001 ?
*>				200.0.1.3	55		0	65003 i
*>		50.0.1.4/32		200.0.2.4	99		0	65004 i
*		50.0.1.5/32		0.0.0.0	1		32768	?
*>				0.0.0.0	0		32768	i
*		50.0.1.99/32		200.0.2.4	99		0	65004 65001 ?
*>				200.0.1.3	55		0	65003 65001 ?
*		100.0.1.0/24		200.0.2.4	99		0	65004 65001 ?
*>				200.0.1.3	55		0	65003 ?
*>		100.0.2.0/24		200.0.2.4	99		0	65004 ?
*				200.0.1.3	55		0	65003 65001 ?
*		200.0.1.0		200.0.1.3	55		0	65003 ?
*>				0.0.0.0	1		32768	?
*		200.0.2.0		200.0.2.4	99		0	65004 ?
*>				0.0.0.0	1		32768	?

Let's look at the MED effect on the 10.0.1.0 network (in red above):
There are two routes for 10.0.1.0; which one will be chosen?

The weights are equal (0) -> the local preferences are not set -> The path lengthsare equal (2) -> The origine codes are equal ("?" character) -> the MED are differrent. It means that the elected route (indicated with the ">" character) will have the lowest MED (55).

See details about the BGP path selection process.

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CISCO 2651 C

Cisco_2651_C#show ip interface brief

Interface	IP-Address	OK?	Method	Status	Protocol
FastEthernet0/1	100.0.2.4	YES	NVRAM	up	up
FastEthernet0/1	200.0.2.4	YES	NVRAM	up	up
Loopback1	50.0.1.4	YES	NVRAM	up	up

Cisco_2651_C#show ip route

Codes:			C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
			D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
			N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
			E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
			i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2
			ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route
			o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set
		50.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 6 subnets
B			50.0.1.3 [20/1011] via 100.0.2.2, 00:41:28
B			50.0.1.2 [20/0] via 100.0.2.2, 00:41:28
B			50.0.1.1 [20/1011] via 100.0.2.2, 00:41:28
B			50.0.1.5 [20/0] via 200.0.2.5, 01:05:46
C			50.0.1.4 is directly connected, Loopback1
B			50.0.1.99 [20/11] via 100.0.2.2, 00:41:29
		100.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets
B			100.0.1.0 [20/1011] via 100.0.2.2, 00:41:28
C			100.0.2.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0/0
B		200.0.1.0/24 [20/1] via 200.0.2.5, 01:05:46
C		200.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0/1
		10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets
B			10.0.2.0 [20/1] via 100.0.2.2, 00:41:28
B			10.0.1.0 [20/11] via 100.0.2.2, 00:41:30

Cisco_2651_C#show ip bgp summary

BGP router identifier 50.0.1.4, local AS number 65004
BGP table version is 24, main routing table version 24
13 network entries and 26 paths using 2197 bytes of memory
12 BGP path attribute entries using 624 bytes of memory
4 BGP AS-PATH entries using 96 bytes of memory
0 BGP route-map cache entries using 0 bytes of memory
0 BGP filter-list cache entries using 0 bytes of memory
BGP activity 16/26 prefixes, 31/2 paths, scan interval 15 secs
Neighbor	V	AS	MsgRcvd	MsgSent	TblVer	InQ	OutQ	Up/Down	State/PfxRcd
100.0.2.2	4	65001	49	54	24	0	0	00:42:26	12
200.0.2.5	4	65005	81	76	24	0	0	01:06:44	11

Cisco_2651_C#show ip bgp

BGP table version is 0, local router ID is 50.0.1.5
Status codes:			s suppressed, d damped, h history, * valid, > best, i - internal,
			r RIB-failure, S Stale, R Removed
Origin codes:			i - IGP, e - EGP, ? - incomplete
		Network		Next Hop	Metric	LocPrf	Weight	Path
*>		10.0.1.0/24		100.0.2.2	11		0	65001 ?
*				200.0.2.5			0	65005 65003 65001 ?
*>		10.0.2.0/24		100.0.2.2	0		0	65001 ?
*				200.0.2.5			0	65005 65003 65001 ?
*>		50.0.1.1/32		100.0.2.2	1011		0	65001 ?
*				200.0.2.5			0	65005 65003 65001 i
*>		50.0.1.2/32		100.0.2.2	0		0	65001 i
*				200.0.2.5			0	65005 65003 65001 i
*>		50.0.1.3/32		100.0.2.2	1011		0	65001 ?
*				200.0.2.5			0	65005 65003 i
*>		50.0.1.4/32		0.0.0.0	0		32768	i
*		50.0.1.5/32		100.0.2.2	1011		0	65001 ?
*>				200.0.2.5	0		0	65005 i
*>		50.0.1.99/32		100.0.2.2	11		0	65001 ?
*				200.0.2.5			0	65005 65003 65001 ?
*>		100.0.1.0/24		100.0.2.2	1011		0	65001 ?
*				200.0.2.5			0	65005 65003 ?
*		100.0.2.0/24		100.0.2.2	1		0	65001 ?
*>				200.0.2.5	0		32768	?
*		200.0.1.0		100.0.2.2	1011		0	65001 ?
*>				200.0.2.5	1		0	65005 ?
*		200.0.2.0		100.0.2.2	1011		0	65001 ?
*				200.0.2.5	1		0	65005 ?
*>				0.0.0.0	0		32768	?

Let's look at the origin code effect on the 50.0.1.5 network (in red above):
There are two routes for 50.0.1.5; which one will be chosen?

The weights are equal (0) -> the local preferences are not set -> The path lengths are equal (1) -> The origin codes are different. It means that the elected route (indicated with the ">" character) will have the lowest origin code (i).

See details about the BGP path selection process.

Cisco_2651_C#show route-map

route-map r99, permit, sequence 10
	Match clauses:
	Set clauses:
		metric 99
	Policy routing matches: 0 packets, 0 bytes

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5. FAILOVER SCENARIO

The goal is to power off Switch 3750 L3 and see the routing tables changes on Cisco 2651 A and Quagga A.
Cisco 2651 A should always be able to reach Quagga B but via Quagga A instead of Switch 3750 L3.

Paths comparison from Cisco 2651 A to Quagga B:
(recursive ping from Cisco 2651 A to Quagga B)

10.0.1.99 100.0.1.1 200.0.1.3 50.0.1.5 50.0.1.5 100.0.1.3 10.0.1.1 10.0.1.99

10.0.2.99 100.0.2.2 200.0.2.4 50.0.1.5 50.0.1.5 100.0.2.4 10.0.2.2 10.0.2.99

Cisco 2651 A - Best routes comparison: ("show ip route")

50.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 6 subnets O E1   50.0.1.1 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, FastEth0/0 O E2   50.0.1.2 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E1   50.0.1.3 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, FastEth0/0 O E1   50.0.1.5 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, FastEth0/0 O E1   50.0.1.4 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, FastEth0/0 C   50.0.1.99 is directly connected, Loopback1   100.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets O E1   100.0.1.0 [110/1001] via 10.0.1.1, FastEth0/0 O E2   100.0.2.0 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E1 200.0.1.0/24 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E1 200.0.2.0/24 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1   10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2subnets C   10.0.1.0 is directly connected, FastEth0/0 C   10.0.2.0 is directly connected, FastEth0/1

50.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 5 subnets    ------------------------ O E2   50.0.1.2 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E2   50.0.1.3 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E2   50.0.1.4 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E2   50.0.1.5 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 C   50.0.1.99 is directly connected, Loopback1   100.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets O E2   100.0.1.0 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E2   100.0.2.0 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E2 200.0.1.0/24 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1 O E2 200.0.2.0/24 [110/2000] via 10.0.2.2, FastEth0/1   10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets    ------------------------ C   10.0.2.0 is directly connected, FastEth0/1

Quagga A - Best routes comparison: ("show ip route")

C>* 10.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, eth0 C>* 100.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, eth1 C>* 50.0.1.2/32 is directly connected, lo O 10.0.2.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0 O>* 10.0.1.0/24 [110/11] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 50.0.1.1/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 50.0.1.3/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 50.0.1.4/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 50.0.1.5/32 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 50.0.1.99/32 [110/11] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 100.0.1.0/24 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 200.0.1.0/24 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0 O>* 200.0.2.0/24 [110/1011] via 10.0.2.99, eth0

C>* 10.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, eth0 C>* 100.0.2.0/24 is directly connected, eth1 C>* 50.0.1.2/32 is directly connected, lo O 10.0.2.0/24 [110/10] is directly connected, eth0    ------------------------    ------------------------ B>* 50.0.1.3/32 [20/0] via 100.0.2.4, eth1 B>* 50.0.1.4/32 [20/0] via 100.0.2.4, eth1 B>* 50.0.1.5/32 [20/0] via 100.0.2.4, eth1 O>* 50.0.1.99/32 [110/11] via 10.0.2.99, eth0    ------------------------ B>* 200.0.1.0/24 [20/0] via 100.0.2.4, eth1 B>* 200.0.2.0/24 [20/0] via 100.0.2.4, eth1

Quagga A - BGP routes comparison: ("show ip bgp")

* i 10.0.1.0/24 10.0.1.1 0 100 0 ? *>     10.0.2.99 11   32768 ? * i 10.0.2.0/24 10.0.1.99 2 100 0 ? *>     0.0.0.0 1   32768 ? * i 50.0.1.1/32 10.0.1.1 0 100 0 i *>     10.0.2.99 1011   32768 ? *   50.0.1.2/32 0.0.0.0 1   32768 ? *>     0.0.0.0 0   32768 i *>   50.0.1.3/32 10.0.2.99 1011   32768 ? * i   100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 i *   50.0.1.4/32 100.0.2.4 0 222 0 65004 i *>     10.0.2.99 1011   32768 ? * i   100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 65005 65004 i *   50.0.1.5/32 100.0.2.4   222 0 65004 65005 i * i   100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 65005 i *>     10.0.2.99 1011   32768 ? * i 50.0.1.99/32 10.0.1.99 2 100 0 ? *>     10.0.2.99 11   32768 ? * i 100.0.1.0/24 10.0.1.1 0 100 0 ? *>     10.0.2.99 1011   32768 ? *   100.0.2.0/24 100.0.2.4 0 222 0 65004 ? *>     0.0.0.0 1   32768 ? *   200.0.1.0 100.0.2.4   222 0 65004 65005 ? *>     10.0.2.99 1011   32768 ? * i   100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 ? *   200.0.2.0 100.0.2.4 0 222 0 65003 ? *>     10.0.2.99 1011   32768 ? * i   100.0.1.3 0 333 0 65003 65005 ?

*> i 10.0.1.0/24 10.0.1.1 0 100 0 ?    ------------------------ * i 10.0.2.0/24 10.0.1.99 2 100 0 ? *>     0.0.0.0 1   32768 ? *> i 50.0.1.1/32 10.0.1.1 0 100 0 i    ------------------------ *   50.0.1.2/32 0.0.0.0 1   32768 ? *>     0.0.0.0 0   32768 i *>   50.0.1.3/32 100.0.2.4   222 0 65004 65005 65003 i    ------------------------ *>   50.0.1.4/32 100.0.2.4 0 222 0 65004 i    ------------------------    ------------------------ *>   50.0.1.5/32 100.0.2.4   222 0 65004 65005 i    ------------------------    ------------------------ * i 50.0.1.99/32 10.0.1.99 2 100 0 ? *>     10.0.2.99 11   32768 ?    ------------------------    ------------------------ *   100.0.2.0/24 100.0.2.4 0 222 0 65004 ? *>     0.0.0.0 1   32768 ? *>   200.0.1.0 100.0.2.4   222 0 65004 65005 ?    ------------------------    ------------------------ *>   200.0.2.0 100.0.2.4 0 222 0 65004 ?    ------------------------    ------------------------

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